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\title{A Radio Relay System for Remote Sensors in the Antarctic}
\subtitle{Final Seminar}
\author{Mark Jessop}
\date{October 8, 2010}

\pgfdeclareimage[height=1.3cm]{logo}{images/ualogo_spot.pdf} 

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} 
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\begin{document}

\frame{
\MyLogo
\titlepage
\begin{center}
%\small{Supervisor: Dr Chris Coleman}% \hspace{20pt} Co-Supervisor: Dr  Said Al-Sarawi}
\end{center}
}

%\section[Outline]{}
%\frame{\tableofcontents}

\section{Introduction}

\subsection{Motivation}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Motivation}
\textbf{Aim} - Design and build a low power HF data transmitter for use in an antarctic remote sensor application.\\
\begin{itemize}
\item Project scope expanded mid-year to include other applications.
\item{Initial Constraints still used.\\ 
\begin{itemize}
\item Low Temperature Operation
\item Low Power Consumption
\end{itemize}
}

\item Can be used in a huge amount of applications!
\end{itemize}
}

\subsection{Hardware \& Software Overview}


%\frame{\MyLogo
%\frametitle{Hardware \& Software Overview}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Modular Design \& Construction
%\end{itemize}
%}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Hardware \& Software Overview}
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{diagrams/Antarctic_Radio_Overview.pdf}
  \end{center}

\end{figure}

}

\section{Hardware}

\subsection{CPU}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{CPU - Atmel ATXmega128A1}
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/xplain.jpg}
  \end{center}
  %\caption{Atmel XPlain Development Board}
  \label{xplain}
\end{figure}
\textbf{Atmel XPlain Development Board}
\begin{itemize}
\item Atmel ATXmega128A1 Micro-Controller, clocked at 32MHz
\item 3.3v Operation.
\item 8MB SDRAM, 8MB NAND Flash Memory
\item Low Power Consumption - 18mA @ 32MHz, 1.4mA @ 2MHz, $1.16\mu A$ Power-Save
\end{itemize}
}

\subsection{Signal Generator}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Signal Generator - Analog Devices AD9835}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{images/ad9835.jpg}
  \end{center}
  %\caption{Atmel XPlain Development Board}
  \label{ad9835}
\end{figure}
\textbf{Analog Devices AD9835 DDS}
\begin{itemize}
\item Can generate Sine-waves between 1Hz - 25MHz.
\item 2 programmable (via SPI) frequency registers.
\item Dedicated pins for switching between registers.
\item Using 16MHz SPI clock, can reprogram at 7500Hz.
\item Draws approx 40mA @ 5V while running. 50MHz Oscillator accounts for most of this.
\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}
\item Original intention was to use an AD9834, the AD9835 had almost identical power requirements.
\end{itemize}
}

\subsection{Power Amplifier}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Power Amplifier - AD8008 40mW Amp}
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{diagrams/ad8008_amp.pdf}
  \end{center}
 % \caption{QRSS Morse Broadcast, signal level -23dB below the noise floor.}
 % \label{qrss}
\end{figure}
\begin{itemize}
\item Approx 13dB gain.
\item Wide bandwidth - flat gain over 1 to 30MHz.
\item Draws 38mA @ 12V - 450mW! \textit{Very} inefficient!
\end{itemize}
}

\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Power Amplifier - Towards More Power}
\textbf{Class C NPN Transistor Amplifier}
\begin{itemize}
\item Using 2N4427, approx 1W output.
\item Will require multiple stages.
\item Approx 60\% Efficiency.
\end{itemize}

\textbf{Class D/E MOSFET Power Amplifier}
\begin{itemize}
\item Comparator produces PWM to drive IRF510's gate.
\item Approx 5W output.
\item $>$80\% Efficiency
\end{itemize}

}


\subsection{Power Supply}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Power Supply}
\textbf{Supply Requirements}
\begin{itemize}
\item 12v, 5v and 3.3v rails are required.
\item Linear Regulators are very in-efficient.
\item Switch-mode Regulators used instead.
\end{itemize}
\textbf{Battery Power}
\begin{itemize}
\item Powered from a 12V SLA for testing.
\item For sub-zero use, Lithium-iron primary cells can be used.
\item Lithium-thionyl chloride secondary cells can operate down to $-60^\circ$C.
\end{itemize}
}


\section{Software}
\subsection{Overview}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Software Overview}
\begin{itemize}
\item Coded in C and C++.
\item Libraries built first, more complex applications later.
\item Multiple modulation modes implemented.
\item Data acquisition from onboard ADCs, UARTs, external I$^2$C and 1-Wire Devices.
\item Some libraries ported to the XMega from the Arduino project.
\end{itemize}
}

\subsection{Morse}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Morse Code \& QRSS}

\begin{itemize}
\item Morse Code at very slow speeds can be received over very long distances.
\item Signals are pulled out of the noise floor with DSP techniques.
\item Very low signal bandwidth.
\item Not very useful for transmitting lots of data.
\item Good for beaconing.
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{images/tag60sec.png}
  \end{center}
  \caption{QRSS Morse Broadcast, signal level -23dB below the noise floor.}
  \label{qrss}
\end{figure}
}

\subsection{RTTY}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{RTTY (FSK)}
\begin{itemize}
\item FSK Modulation, with start and stop bits.
\item Implemented to operate between 50 and 300 baud (symbols/sec).
\item Carrier Shift programmable from 170 to 425Hz.
\item Plenty of existing software to decode RTTY (i.e. FLDigi)
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{images/rtty.png}
  \end{center}
  \caption{300 Baud RTTY, with 425Hz Carrier Shift.}
  \label{rtty}
\end{figure}
}

\subsection{DominoEX}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{DominoEX (MFSK)}
\begin{itemize}
\item The first MFSK-based mode implemented - utilises Incremental Frequency Shift Keying.
\item Resistant to multi-path and doppler effects.
\item 6 variations available, each with different symbol rates (3.9 to 29.5Hz) and bandwidths (173 to 524Hz).
\item User throughput from 3 to 16 \textit{characters} per second.
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{images/dominoex.png}
  \end{center}
  \caption{DominoEX8 - 7.8125 baud, 346Hz Bandwidth }
  \label{domino}
\end{figure}
}

\subsection{WSPR}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{WSPR - Weak Signal Propagation Network}
\begin{itemize}
\item Uses MEPT-JT: 1.46 baud MFSK-4 modulation with compression \& strong FEC. 6Hz Bandwidth.
\item Useful data can be recovered with a -29dB SNR! 
\item Online network of listeners - can check propagation quickly.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{images/wspr.jpg}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}
}


\section{Testing \& Example Application}
\subsection{Software Testing}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Software Testing}
\begin{itemize}
\item AD9835 Libraries tested \& working long before the XMega was purchased.
\item Modulation libraries tested individually.
\item Use carrier of 1KHz, and test with computer sound card.
\item Fl-Digi data modem software used to de-modulate received data.
\end{itemize}
}

\subsection{Low Temperature Testing}

\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Low Temperature Testing}
\begin{itemize}
\item All major components rated to either $-40^\circ$C (AD9835) or $-55^\circ$C (XMega).
\item Doesn't hurt to check!
\item Dry Ice used to cool components to rated limits or below.
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{images/cold_xmega.jpg}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}
}

\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Low Temperature Testing}
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{images/cold_xmega2.jpg}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{itemize}
\item Only fast temperature changes cause problems.
\item AT-XMega's internal RC 32MHz oscillator drifts up to 33MHz at $-55^\circ$C.
\item AD9835's output only drifts up by $\sim$300Hz at $-40^\circ$C!
\end{itemize}
}

\subsection{Amplifier Testing}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Amplifier Testing}
\begin{itemize}
\item Initially tested using $50\Omega$ dummy load.
\item Yaesu FRG-8800 Shortwave receiver used to verify RF transmission.
\item Balun and half-wave dipole for 40m (7MHz) operation constructed.
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{images/testing_feedpoint2.jpg}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}
}

\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Amplifier Testing}
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{diagrams/antenna.pdf}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{itemize}
\item Dipole arranged in horizontal 'V' configuration, approx. 2m above ground.
\item{Tested on amateur 40m band - Haven't been able to confirm skywave.\\
\begin{itemize}
\item Required a licensed amateur operator to be present.
\item License examination to be taken ASAP!
\end{itemize}}
\end{itemize}
}

\subsection{Example Application \& Prototype}

\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Example Application - HAB Telemetry Transmitter}
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=10cm]{images/horus_33km.jpg}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{itemize}
\item Local Amateur HAB group - \textbf{Project Horus}
\item{Have offered to fly a prototype transmitter tomorrow!
\item Inputs:
\begin{itemize}
\item GPS Receiver, for positioning information
\item Temperature Sensors
\end{itemize}
}
\end{itemize}
}

\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Example Application - HAB Telemetry Transmitter}

\begin{columns}[c]
\column{7cm}
\textbf{Amateur High Altitude Ballooning (HAB)}
\begin{itemize}
\item Aims to set height / distance records for balloon flights.
\item Record images from high above the Earth's surface.
\item Some form of telemetry system used to track balloon in flight.
\item 433MHz Single-Sideband Transmissions commonly used.
\end{itemize}

\column{3cm}
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=3cm]{images/horus_launch.jpg}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

\end{columns}
}


\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Prototype}
\begin{itemize}
\item{ System `Motherboard'\\
\begin{itemize}
\item XPlain Board
\item AD9835 DDS VFO
\item UBlox5 GPS Module
\item DS18B20 1-Wire Temperature Sensors
\end{itemize}}

\item Amplifier Module (40mW AD8008 Amp)
\item 1:1 Balun
\item Half-Wave Dipole Antenna
\item Lithium Primary Batteries
\end{itemize}
}


\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Work to be done}
\begin{itemize}
\item Finish High Power Amplifiers.
%\item Characterise amplifiers.
\item Skywave testing.
\item PCB mainboard \& deliverable design.
\end{itemize}
}

\section{Management}
\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Management}
\begin{itemize}
\item Original project schedule was very optimistic...

\end{itemize}
\textbf{Meetings}
\begin{itemize}
\item Weekly meetings with project supervisor.
\item When supervisor was away, regular communication via e-mail.
\end{itemize}
\textbf{Budget}
\begin{itemize}
\item Approx \$150 of \$250 budget spent.
\item Main costs were breakout \& development boards for fast prototyping.
\end{itemize}
}


\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{References}
\tiny{
\begin{itemize}
\item {Taylor. J, 2008 \textit{Quest for Optimum Coding and Modulation Schemes for EME}\\
\url{http://physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/K1JT/EME\_Florence\_2008.pdf}
}
\item{Saft \textit{Lithium-thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) Cell Range}\\
\url{http://www.saftbatteries.com/Produit\_LSH\_cell\_range\_303\_8/Default.aspx}
}
\item{Hartwell. RM, 2006 \textit{Argo QRSS Viewer}\\
\url{http://www.sdrham.com/argo/index.html}
}
\end{itemize}
}
}

\frame{\MyLogo
\frametitle{Demonstration \& Questions}
\vfill
\Large{Any Questions?}
\vfill
}
\end{document}